Resultados del anclaje foveal artroscópico sin nudo del complejo del fibrocartílago triangular en lesiones Atzei 2/3 / Results of the knotless arthroscopic foveal anchorage of the triangular fibrocartilage complex in Atzei 2/3 lesions

Objetivo: Evaluar, en forma retrospectiva, la función y los resultados objetivos de los pacientes con lesión foveal del complejo del fibrocartílago triangular mediante anclaje óseo sin nudo artroscópico. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó, en forma retrospectiva, a 12 pacientes con lesión foveal del complejo del fibrocartílago triangular Atzei 2/3 y un seguimiento promedio de 18 meses. Todas las lesiones se repararon con artroscopia mediante la guía de fibrocartílago y anclaje óseo sin nudo. Se evaluaron los rangos de movilidad y la fuerza de agarre con la escala de muñeca de la Clínica Mayo y el cuestionario DASH. Resultados: Se obtuvieron mejoras en la prueba del dolor y la fuerza; el rango de movilidad promedio fue de 70° de extensión, 85° de flexión, 20° de desviación radial y 30° de desviación cubital. Los resultados según la escala de muñeca de la Clínica Mayo fueron excelentes en el 83% y buenos en el 17%, no hubo resultados malos. El puntaje promedio del cuestionario DASH fue 56 en el preoperatorio y 8 en el posoperatorio. El promedio de la fuerza comparativa contralateral fue del 70%. Conclusiones: La reparación artroscópica de las lesiones Atzei 2/3 mediante anclaje óseo sin nudo logra buenos resultados, mejora los rangos de movilidad, recupera la estabilidad en todos los casos y la fuerza total o parcial. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the functional and objective outcomes in patients with foveal lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex treated with arthroscopic knotless bone anchors. Materials and methods: We retrospectively evaluated 12 patients with Atzei 2/3 foveal lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex with an average follow-up of 18 months. All the lesions were repaired arthroscopically using a fibrocartilage guide and knotless bone anchors. The ranges of motion and grip strength were assessed with the Mayo Clinic wrist scale and the DASH questionnaire. Results: Improvements were obtained in the pain and strength test; the average range of motion was 70° in extension, 85° in flexion, 20° in radial deviation, and 30° in ulnar deviation. The outcomes according to the Mayo Clinic wrist scale were excellent in 83% of the cases and good in 17%; there were no poor outcomes. The average DASH score was 56 preoperatively and 8 postoperatively. The average contralateral comparative strength was 70%. Conclusion: The arthroscopic repair of Atzei 2/3 lesions with knotless bone anchors achieves good outcomes, improves ranges of motion, and restores stability and total or partial strength in all cases. Level of Evidence: IV

Impactación cubitocarpiana / Ulnocarpal impaction

El objetivo de este artículo es actualizar los conocimientos sobre la impactación cubitocarpiana y su tratamiento. Estudios clásicos sobre la biomecánica del borde cubital de la muñeca han demostrado que los cambios milimétricos en la relación de longitud entre el cúbito y el radio alteran significativamente la transferencia de cargas entre los huesos del carpo, el radio y el cúbito. Así, un aumento relativo en la longitud del cúbito generará una carga excesiva sobre la articulación cubitocarpiana que producirá un espectro de cambios degenerativos progresivos en el domo cubital, el semilunar, el piramidal y el complejo del fibrocartílago triangular que finalizarán con artrosis cubitocarpiana y radiocubital distal. La impactación cubitocarpiana, en sus diversos estadios degenerativos, se puede tratar mediante osteotomías que buscan descomprimir la carga cubitocarpiana. Las osteotomías pueden ser extrarticulares o intrarticulares. Entre las extrarticulares, están las diafisarias, las metafisarias sin exposición articular (subcapitales) y las metafisarias distales con exposición articular y, entre las intrarticulares, la cirugía de resección en oblea (wafer), que reseca cartílago y hueso subcondral del domo cubital, y puede ser un procedimiento abierto o artroscópico. Si hay artrosis radiocubital distal, solo se podrá tratar con cirugías de rescate, como Darrach, Sauvé-Kapandji, Bowers, o una prótesis radiocubital distal. Estas técnicas de osteotomía se han analizado detalladamente para lograr definir sus ventajas y desventajas. Finalmente se propone una forma de tipificar la impactación cubitocarpiana, cuyo objetivo es orientar al lector hacia el mejor tratamiento posible, avalado por la bibliografía actual. Nivel de Evidencia: V

The purpose of this article is to provide updated knowledge about ulnocarpal impaction syndrome (UCIS) and its treatment. Classic studies on biomechanics of the ulnar side of the wrist have shown that millimetrical changes in the relative lengths of the ulna and the radius significantly alter the load transmission between the carpal bones, the radius and the ulna. Thus, an increase in the relative length of the ulna will generate an excessive load on the ulnocarpal joint, which will produce a spectrum of progressive degenerative changes in the ulnar dome, lunate, triquetrum, and the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), that will lead to ulnocarpal and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) osteoarthritis. In its various degenerative stages, UCIS can be treated with osteotomies that seek to decompress the ulnocarpal load. These can be extra-articular or intra-articular. Within the extra-articular osteotomies, we find the diaphyseal, metaphyseal without joint exposure (subcapital), and the distal metaphyseal with joint exposure. Within the intra-articular ones, we find the wafer procedure, which resects the cartilage and subchondral bone of the ulnar dome, and can be performed either openly or arthroscopically. If there is associated DRUJ osteoarthritis, it can only be treated with salvage surgeries such as the Darrach, Sauvé-Kapandji, and Bowers procedures, or a DRUJ arthroplasty. These osteotomy techniques will be analyzed in detail in order to define their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we propose a way to typify the UCIS to guide the reader towards the best possible treatment supported by current literature. Level of Evidence: V

Resultados del tratamiento artroscópico de lesiones del complejo fibrocartílago triangular en lesiones Palmer 1D mediante anclaje óseo sin nudo / Arthroscopic treatment of triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries with bone anchor without knot

Introducción: El complejo fibrocartílago triangular (CFCT) mantiene la estabilidad de la articulación radiocubital distal (ARCD). El CFCT radial esta irrigado por la arteria interósea anterior. Una lesión radial con inestabilidad radiocubital distal debe reparase, al igual que una lesión central, para que no continúe hacia los ligamentos generando inestabilidad.Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló un estudio retrospectivo para analizar las cirugías realizadas en pacientes con lesiones del CFCT radiales Palmer 1D. Se estudiaron once pacientes masculinos de 32.8 años promedio. Todos los pacientes eran trabajadores de fuerza y el 72.7%, deportistas. El seguimiento promedio fue de 18.4 meses.Resultados: fueron evaluados once pacientes. El 63.6% de manos hábiles. El 100% de ellos presentó una lesión 1D de Palmer. La escala visual analógica del dolor preoperatorio era de 8 y postoperatoria fue de 1. El Dash score fue de 85.8 preoperatorio y de 1.18 en el postoperatorio. El score de Mayo de muñeca fue excelente en seis pacientes y bueno en cinco.Conclusión: los ligamentos radiocubitales volares y dorsales son fundamentales para mantener una adecuada estabilidad radiocubital distal ya que poseen una irrigación adecuada que permite su reparación, por lo que su reanclaje está indicado. La técnica artroscópica sin realizar túnel, expuesta en este trabajo, permite un reanclaje del CFCT sin manejos complejos con muy buenos resultados en la mayoría de los casos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: The triangular fibrocartilage complex (CFCT) maintains the stability of the distal radioulnar joint (ARCD). The radial CFCT is supplied by the anterior interosseous artery. A radial injury with distal radioulnar instability must be repaired, as well as a central injury, so that it does not continue towards the ligaments generating instability. Materials and methods: A retrospective study were developed to analyze the surgeries performed in patients with Palmer 1D radial CFCT lesions. Eleven male patients of 32.8 years average age were studied. All the patients were strength workers and 72.7% were athletes. The average follow-up was 18.4 months. Results: eleven patients of working age. 63.6% of skilled hands. 100% of patients presented a 1D Palmer lesion. The visual analog scale of preoperative pain was 8 and postoperative was 1. The Dash score was 85.8 preoperative and 1.18 postoperative. The May wrist score was excellent in six patients and good in five. Conclusion: the dorsal and radiocubital ligaments are essential to maintain adequate distal radiocubital stability and that they have adequate irrigation that allows their repair, for which reason their re-clamping is indicated. The arthroscopic technique without tunnel exposed in this work allows the CFCT to be re-anchored without tunnels and complex techniques with very good results in most cases. Level of Evidence: IV

Nova técnica cirúrgica para Reconstrução da Articulação Radioulnar Distal em instabilidades crônicas sem Artrose / New technique for reconstruction of distal radialulnar joint in chronic instability without arthrosis

Desordens da articulação radioulnar distal (ARUD) de diferentes etiologias são relativamente comuns e podem afetar gravemente a função do punho e antebraço. As lesões agudas, se não identificadas e tratadas, podem evoluir com dor e instabilidade crônica e quadros degenerativos em estágios mais avançados. Devido a características ósseas locais, a estabilidade é dada principalmente pelas partes moles, sendo o complexo de fibrocartilagem triangular (CFCT) a principal estrutura. A restauração da estabilidade da ARUD é objetivo do tratamento e as reconstruções constituem o grupo principal quando se trata de lesões crônicas sem artrose. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever uma técnica de tenoplastia com uma tira do tendão do músculo flexor ulnar do carpo (FUC), para reconstrução anatômica da ARUD, e demonstrar a estabilidade dorsal e volar e a manutenção da pronossupinação após a reconstrução. Foram selecionados 10 cadáveres frescos sem sinais de lesões ou cirurgias prévias nos membros superiores e a técnica cirúrgica foi aplicada em ambos os punhos, totalizando 20 reproduções realizadas pelo mesmo médico-cirurgião da mão. Imagens foram registradas em cada passo da técnica em cinco cadáveres e reproduções computadorizadas foram criadas a seguir. Após a utilização de um cadáver piloto, outros quatro cadáveres foram submetidos a testes para verificação da melhora das translações dorsal e volar sobre carga mensurada e da manutenção da amplitude de movimentos após o procedimento. A técnica do presente estudo apresenta diversas vantagens em relação aos procedimentos já descritos na literatura, pois constitui uma reconstrução do CFCT, que tenta reproduzir a anatomia mais próxima do normal. Isso permite ganho de estabilidade em plano sagital e coronal, sem a limitação do movimento de pronossupinação. Outras vantagens do trabalho incluem a realização de apenas dois túneis ósseos, permanência de uma tensão constante do enxerto, sem afrouxamento com o tempo, por se tratar de uma tenoplastia dinâmica, manutenção da função primária do FUC e menos necessidade de dissecção. A técnica descrita reconstrói o complexo ligamentar da articulação radioulnar distal com a utilização de menor número de túneis ósseos e a correção da incongruência nos planos frontal e sagital. Mostrou também a correção, em cadáveres, das translações dorsal e volar e amplitudes de movimentos preservadas após a sua realização, se

Disorders of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) of different etiologies are relatively common and can severely affect wrist and forearm function. Acute lesions, if unidentified and treated, may evolve with chronic pain and instability, or degenerative disease in more advanced stages. Due to local bone characteristics, stability is mainly given by the soft tissues, among which the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is the main structure. Restoration of DRUJ stability is the goal of treatment and the reconstructions constitute the main group when treating chronic non-arthritic lesions. The objective of this paper is to describe a new technique of tenoplasty using a strip of flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) tendon, for anatomical reconstruction of the DRUJ and to show dorsal and volar stability and maintenance of prono-supination after reconstruction. Ten fresh cadavers without signs of lesions or previous surgeries in the upper limbs were selected and the surgical technique was applied to both wrists, totaling 20 reproductions performed by the same hand surgeon. Photographs and finite models were made in five cadavers detailing the most important points of each steps of technique. After one pilot cadaver, other four cadavers tests were made to show improvement of dorsal and volar translations and maintenance of range of motion after the procedure. The technique of this study presents several advantages when compared to the procedures already described in the literature, because it reconstructs the TFCC and brings anatomy closer to the normal. This allows gain of stability in the sagittal and coronal plane, without compromising range of motion. Other advantages of this study include performing only two bone tunnels, with reduced risk of iatrogenic fracture; maintaining a constant tension of the graft, without loosening over time, considering that it is a dynamic tenoplasty; conservation of the primary function of the FCU, without the need of an aggressive dissection. The technique reconstructs the DRUJ complex, with technical advantages over other described procedures, being a good alternative for the treatment of chronic instabilities of DRUJ without arthritis.

Review of MRI wrist results at KAUH

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] is defined as one of the most important modalities used for diagnosing lesions of small and complex structures in the body [1]. We aimed to investigate the most common wrist pathologies detected by MRI in KAUH [King Abdulaziz University Hospital] in Jeddah

Methodology: A retrospective study was done with a total sample size of 127 individuals who underwent wrist MRI investigation at KAUH in Jeddah [Saudi Arabia], between 2010-2016. The data entry was performed by using Microsoft Excel 2014, and statistical analysis was performed by SPSS V21

Results: The results of the analysis showed that the most common wrist pathology was ganglion cysts, constituting 17.8% of the 157 findings we observed. Other common findings were Tenosynovitis [10.2%], TFCC [Triangular fibrocartilage complex] tear [10.2%], TFCC degeneration [5.7%] and subchondral cysts [3.8%]. There was also a significant relation between normal/abnormal findings in individuals and their age of presentation. Age mean was 29.27 [ +/- 7.46 SD] for those with normal findings, and 37.33 [ +/- 15.62 SD] for those with abnormal findings, [P value less than 0.001]. Regarding X-ray investigation, we found that most of the sample [65.4%] did not undergo X-ray prior to MRI

Conclusion: It has been found that there is variance between all findings that were discovered by MRI, that there are differences between our study and those of others, and that due to the different sorts of cases that were presented to the hospital. We also found that most of the individuals with wrist pathologies did not get X-rays before MRI, so we recommend a clear policy of ordering MRI, also proper history and examination should be the essential tool to reach hand and wrist diagnoses. That will help in saving resources

Resultados de la reparación con sutura artroscópica de las lesiones periféricas cubitales del complejo fibrocartílago triangular (CFCT) (Palmer 1B/Atzei 1) / Arthroscopic repair of Palmer 1B triangular fibrocartilage complex tears

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las Lesiones del Complejo Fibrocartílago Triangular (CFCT) son causa común de dolor Ulnar en la muñeca, la artroscopia es el estándar de oro para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las mismas. Realizamos un trabajo retrospectivo evaluando la función y resultados de los pacientes operados con técnica artroscópica con la lesión CFCT Palmer 1B/Atzei 1. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Evaluamos 24 pacientes con 25 lesiones de CFCT palmer 1B/Atzei 1. El 88% en edad laboral entre 19 a 57 años (34 años promedio) con un seguimiento promedio de 9 meses. Todas las lesiones fueron reparadas con técnicas artroscópicas y puntos de sutura adentro afuera y afuera adentro. Se evaluó el Rango de Movilidad (ROM), fuerza de agarre, escala de Mayo de Muñeca y escala de DASH. RESULTADOS: Hemos tenido mejoras en test del dolor y la fuerza, el ROM promedio fue 70° para la extensión, 85° de flexión, 20° para la desviación radial y 30° de desviación cubital. El Score de muñeca de mayo fue excelente en el 64%, Bueno en el 16%, Satisfactorio en el 20% y no hemos tenido malos resultados. Nuestro Dash Score pre operatorio fue de 86 puntos y en el Post operatorio de 13 puntos. El promedio de la fuerza comparativa contralateral fue del 70%. CONCLUSIÓN: La reparación artroscópica de las lesiones Palmer 1B/ Atzei 1 dan resultados satisfactorios mejorando los ROM, recuperando la fuerza de forma total o parcial y disminuyendo el dolor. Encontramos que el tiempo entre la cirugía y los resultados obtenidos influye en los resultados y cuanto mayor es el seguimiento mejor los resultados. Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de evidencia: IV.

OBJECTIVE: Lesions of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (CFCT) are a common cause of ulnar pain in the wrist; arthroscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis and treatment of them. We performed a retrospective study evaluating the function and results of patients operated with an arthroscopic technique with Palmer 1B / Atzei 1 lesion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated 24 patients with 25 CFCT lesions palmer 1B / Atzei 1. 88% of working age between 19 to 57 years old (average 34 years) with a follow-up of 9 months. All injuries were repaired with arthroscopic techniques and stitches inside and outside inside. The Mobility Range (ROM), grip strength, May Wrist score and the DASH Score were evaluated. RESULTS: We have had improvements in pain and strength tests, the average ROM was 70 ° for extension, 85 ° for flexion, 20° for radial deviation and 30 ° for ulnar deviation. The Wrist Score of May was excellent at 64%, Good at 16%, Satisfactory at 20% and we have not had bad results. Our preoperative Dash Score was 86 points and in the Post-operative of 13 points. The average of the contralateral comparative force was 70%. CONCLUSION: The arthroscopic repair of the Palmer 1B / Atzei 1 lesions gives satisfactory results improving the ROM, recovering the strength totally or partially and decreasing the pain. We found that the time between surgery and the results obtained influences the results and the greater the follow-up the better the results. Type study: Number of cases. Level of evidence: IV.

Operative Treatment for Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon Dislocation / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) subluxation has a low incidence rate, to date, there has only been a few studies evaluating the operative treatment for type of injury. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze 11 patients with ECU subluxation who underwent operative treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2005 and February 2015, 11 patients received operative treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic ultrasound were used to make the diagnosis. ECU subluxation patterns were classified by the Inoue's classification system. There were two cases of type A, one case of type B, five cases of type C, and three cases unfit for Inoue's classification. We also found two cases of radial subluxation and one case of ulnar locked subluxation. In type A and B cases, ECU tendons were relocated then sheaths repair was performed, and the extensor retinaculum reconstruction was performed. In type C cases, the fibro-osseous sheaths were fixed. In the three unclassified cases, extensor retinaculum reconstruction was performed. In all cases, fibro-osseous sheaths were fixed using the anchor suture technique. We compared the clinical results based on the following: motion range of the wrist joint; grip strength; visual analogue scale (VAS) score; quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (Q-DASH) score; and Mayo wrist score. RESULTS: The median age of patients at the time of the operation was 32 years, and the average follow-up period was 11.2 months. There were five cases of triangular fibrocartilage complex tear, two cases of distal radioulnar joint instability, three cases of ECU split tear as accompanying injury. There were significant differences in the clinical results. The average motion range of the wrist increased compared with the preoperative value (84.7% to 92.4% compared to contralateral normal side). The postoperative VAS score, Q-DASH score and Mayo wrist score showed better results compared with the respective preoperative values (6.0 to 1.1, 40.9 to 12.4, 75.9 to 86.4). CONCLUSION: ECU subluxation is a rare occurrence. Dynamic ultrasound is useful in diagnosing ECU tendon subluxation. Satisfactory results can be obtained with the use of a proper technique, which depends on the type of subluxation.

Traumatic Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries and Instability of the Distal Radioulnar Joint / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries require multidisciplinary approach and plan. Trauma to TFCC can lead to instability of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). Injury to TFCC is classified as a stable type that does not cause unstable lesions for DRUJ or unstable type that can cause instability of DRUJ. According to the location and severity of the injury, arthroscopic debridement or arthroscopic repair may be considered. In the ulnar side avulsion of TFCC, which could cause DRUJ instability, arthroscopic examination should be performed to identify an accurate location of the damaged structures, followed by arthroscopic debridement and repair. In the event of TFCC and DRUJ injuries with ulnar positive variance, arthroscopic TFCC repair or ulnar shortening osteotomy after arthroscopic debridement could be considered to solve the instability and ulnar side pain. However, if peripheral TFCC tear with ulnar impaction syndrome and DRUJ instability, it combined operation of ulnar shortening osteotomy and TFCC foveal fixation could be considered. An accurate classification of TFCC and DRUJ injuries is necessary. It is important to resolve and prevent recurrence of ulnar wrist pain caused by instability.

Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthritis / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is a complex structure that enables sufficient, painless forearm rotation and provides weight-bearing capabilities of the upper extremity. Arthritis of DRUJ is multifactorial; the most common causes are trauma, congenital anomalies, as well as degenerative and inflammatory diseases. Congenital etiologies, as well as degenerative and inflammatory causes of arthritis are more common in women. Conventionally, initial management of symptomatic DRUJ arthritis is nonsurgical; surgery is generally reserved for patients with refractory pain. Moreover, advanced arthritis arising from trauma can be prevented by early interventions in the form of corrective osteotomy for malunited distal radius and distal ulna fractures, repair/reconstruction of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, and ulnar shortening osteotomy. Although the outcomes are typically positive following excision of the distal ulna in definitive arthritis, postoperative complications, such as instability and impingement of the residual distal ulna stump, can be serious. Procedures managing unstable residual ulna include soft tissue stabilization techniques and DRUJ implant arthroplasty.

Updates on Ulnar Impaction Syndrome / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Ulnar impaction syndrome is one of the common causes of ulnar-sided wrist pain. The pain is usually aggravated by ulnar deviation during a power grip, especially when the forearm is in a pronated position. The most common predisposing factor of ulnar impaction syndrome is ulnar positive variance, which is an increased ulnar length relative to the radius of the radiocarpal joint. However, it can also occur in patients with ulnar neutral or negative variance because ulnar variance can increase during functional activities, including pronation and power gripping. In these patients, the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) may be thickened. If conservative treatments—lifestyle modification, medication, or wrist splinting—are unsuccessful, surgical treatments, such as wafer procedure or ulnar shortening osteotomy can be considered. The wafer procedure is an effective treatment for ulnar impaction syndrome. It removes the distal 2 to 4 mm of the ulnar head, while preserving the ulnar styloid process from fracturing via a limited open or an arthroscopic approach. The advantages of the wafer procedure are that it does not require bone healing or internal fixation and provides direct access to TFCC. However, it is a technically demanding procedure and is contraindicated in patients with distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) instability, lunotriquetral instability, ulnar minus variance, and with an ulnar positive variance of more than 4 mm. Ulnar shortening osteotomy is the most popular method for the treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome. It can effectively relieve ulnar impaction symptoms and stabilize DRUJ. However, an excessive amount of shortening may increase the peak pressure at DRUJ, which results in DRUJ arthritis. There is also a possibility of delayed union or nonunion in the osteotomy site. To prevent delayed union or nonunion, we should make an effort to decrease the gap in the osteotomy site during surgery. A serial follow-up is also recommended to evaluate the occurrence of arthritis in DRUJ after ulnar shortening.

High-resolution 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex in Chinese Wrists: Correlation with Cross-sectional Anatomy / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The injury of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is a common cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. The aim of this study was to investigate if the high-resolution 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could demonstrate the detailed complex anatomy of TFCC in Chinese.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fourteen Chinese cadaveric wrists (from four men and three women; age range at death from 30 to 60 years; mean age at 46 years) and forty healthy Chinese wrists (from 20 healthy volunteers, male/female: 10/10; age range from 21 to 53 years with a mean age of 32 years) in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from March 2014 to March 2016 were included in this study. All cadavers and volunteers had magnetic resonance (MR) examination of the wrist with coronal T1-weighted and proton density-weighted imaging with fat suppression in three planes, respectively. MR arthrography (MRAr) was performed on one of the cadaveric wrists. Subsequently, all 14 cadaveric wrists were sliced into 2 mm thick slab with band saw (six in coronal plane, four in sagittal plane, and four in axial plane). The MRI features of normal TFCC were analyzed in these specimens and forty healthy wrists.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Triangular fibrocartilage, the ulnar collateral ligament, and the meniscal homolog could be best observed on images in coronal plane. The palmar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments were best evaluated in transverse plane. The ulnotriquetral and ulnolunate ligaments were best visualized in sagittal plane. The latter two structures and the volar and dorsal capsules were better demonstrated on MRAr.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High-resolution 3T MRI is capable to show the detailed complex anatomy of the TFCC and can provide valuable information for the clinical diagnosis in Chinese.</p>

Résultats de la technique de Sauvé Kapandji dans les séquelles post-traumatiques du poignet

Introduction: L'intervention de Sauvé-Kapandji consiste à réaliser une arthrodèse radio-ulnaire distale associée à une pseudarthrose intentionnelle de l'ulna. Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer les résultats obtenus avec cette technique dans le traitement des désordres post-traumatiques du poignet. Matériels et méthodes: Cette étude rétrospective réalisée entre janvier 2005 et décembre 2014 a concerné huit patients. La lésion était une séquelle d'une fracture de Galéazzi (n=5) , un cal vicieux d'une fracture de l'extrémité inférieure du radius(n=2), et une arthrose post-traumatique du poignet(n=1). Tous les poignets étaient douloureux, avec limitation de la mobilité et restriction de la force de serrage de la main. Résultats: Au recul moyen de 16 mois (extrême 8 et 36 mois) la douleur a été soulagée chez six patients. La pronation moyenne a été améliorée de 46° à 75°, la supination de 51° à 77°, la flexion de 44,5° à.48°, et l'extension de 24° à 54°. L'angle d'inclinaison radiale moyen a été amélioré de 18° à 20°, l'angle d'inclinaison de la glène moyen de 9,75°à 12°, et l'index radio-ulnaire distale de + 3 mm à +1mm. La force de serrage a été satisfaisante chez six patients cas et mauvaise chez deux. Toutes les arthrodèses ont fusionné. Conclusion: La technique de Sauvé Kapandji a permis le soulagement de la douleur, le renforcement de la mobilité et de la force de préhension chez la majorité des patients

Diagnosis and Management of Ligament Injuries of the Wrist

The wrist joint is formed by the distal end of the radius and ulna proximally, and eight carpal bones distally. It has many ligaments to maintain stability of the complex bony structures. The incidence of ligament injuries of the wrist has increased due to sports activities. However, diagnosis and management of these injuries are sometimes difficult because of the anatomic complexity and variable injury patterns. Among them, scapholunate ligament injury and triangular fibrocartilage tears are the two most common injuries resulting in chronic disabling wrist pain. Thorough understanding of the wrist anatomy and physical and radiologic examination is mandatory for proper diagnosis and management of these conditions. This article will briefly discuss the wrist joint anatomy and biomechanics, and review the diagnosis and management of the scapholunate ligament injury and triangular fibrocartilage injury.

Evaluation of the Foveal Involvement of the Ulnar Styloid Fracture: A Comparison of the Plain Radiography and Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography

PURPOSE: There remains uncertain whether to fix or not an ulnar styloid fracture acommpanied by distal radius fracture. Fixation might be required in cases of the fracture involving a fovea of ulnar head, an attachment site of deep triangular fibrocartilage, which is thought to be important to distal radioulnar joint stability. We analyzed a fovea involvement of an accompanied ulnar styloid fracture in patients with distal radius fracture by simple radiograph and three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 168 patients who underwent surgery with volar locking plate for distal radius fracture in our hospital from January 2005 to March 2015 and evaluated a fovea involvement of ulnar head by simple radiographs and 3D CT respectively, and compared. RESULTS: On simple X-ray, 64 cases (38%) were ulnar styloid fovea fractures; however, 21 cases of these revealed non-fovea fractures by 3D CT. And 7 out of 104 cases determined as non-fovea fracture by simple radiographs were diagnosed as fovea fractures by 3D CT. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of evaluation by simple radiograph were 86%, 82% and 83% respectively, when compared with those of 3D CT based evaluation. CONCLUSION: Accuracy of evaluating an accompanied ulnar styloid fovea fracture in patients with distal radius fracture by simple radiograph, when compared with 3D CT, was 83%; therefore, we recommend using the 3D CT based evaluation instead of simple radiograph based one for determination of fovea involvement of ulnar head.

Clinical Outcomes of Open Surgical Repair for Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Foveal Detachment

PURPOSE: To investigate short term clinical outcomes of the open surgical repair for triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) foveal detachment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 8 patients (5 men, 3 women) who had been treated with open surgical repair of the TFCC type 1B injury, from 2005 to 2013 and who were followed up for more than one year after surgery. Mean age at time of surgery was 34 years. The right side was involved in 3 patients, and the left in 5. The clinical results of surgery were assessed with modified Mayo wrist score (MMWS), disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score and pain-visual analogue scale (VAS). Physical examination was performed to evaluate the prescence of distal radioulnar instability, preoperatively and at the latest follow-up. RESULTS: The mean follow up period were 36.5 months (range, 12-64 months). The mean MMWS improved from 52.5 (range, 25-85) preoperatively to 82.5 (range, 75-100) postoperatively (p=0.02). The mean DASH score improved from 39.6 (range, 65-13.5) preoperatively to 13.4 (range, 2.5-33.3) postoperatively (p=0.012). The preoperative mean pain-VAS was 4.6 (range, 6-3); these value was reduced to mean 2 (range, 0-3) at the latest follow-up (p=0.016). There were no patients remaining instability after the surgery, although four patients showed distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability before surgery. CONCLUSION: The surgical outcomes of open repair for TFCC foveal detachment (type 1B) was contentable. Also, in cases of type 1B injury associated with DRUJ instability were managed sucessfully without additional procedure.

Acute Dislocation of Distal Radioulnar Joint

Traumatic injuries of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is important problem that requires special consideration for treatment to prevent disability arising from failure to the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Stability of the DRUJ is provided by a combination of bony and soft tissue architecture. The bony architecture of the DRUJ account for only 20% of the DRUJ stability and soft tissues including triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), pronator quadratus, and interosseous membrane give major role on the stability. TFCC is generally accepted as the most essential soft tissue stabilizer of the DRUJ. Acute dislocation of DRUJ injury is commonly associated with forearm fractures but it occurs as an isolated injury even though it is relatively rare. DRUJ injury is the one of main source of chronic wrist pain, instability and the focus of this article is on acute dislocation injury of DRUJ and their management.

Open Repair of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Type 1B Tear

Most common traumatic type 1B tear of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), according to the Palmer's classification, may lead to the loss of the stability of distal radioulnar joint and is known to be one cause of the persisted ular side wrist pain. Recently as the knowledge of the anatomical structures of the TFCC accumulates and the deep fiber of the distal radioulnar ligament is recognized to play a central role, an attempt to repair it to the original ulnar fovea insertion site has been done and reported successful results. Since the introduction of open technique, numerous arthroscopic technique has been developing. Here careful considerations ought to be given during open repair will be taken with review of the related articles.

Surgical Techniques for Repairing Foveal Tear of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex: Arthroscopic Transosseous Repair

As the importance of the foveal attachment of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) on the stability of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is emphasized, the traditional repair techniques such as arthroscopic capsular repair for the 1B TFCC tear become accepted as ineffective method for treating DRUJ instability. Recently, several techniques which repair the TFCC directly to the ulnar fovea have been developed and introduced. Further advances of the techniques will be expected with increasing knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of the TFCC and DRUJ. Regardless of the techniques, fundamental principle of anatomical repair of the TFCC to the ulnar fovea is utmost important. Herein we present our technique of arthroscopic transosseous repair by making a drill hole in the ulnar and securing the sutures with Pushlock anchors.

Surgical Technique for Repairing Foveal Tear of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex: Arthroscopic Knotless Repair

Knotless repair of triangular fibrocartilage complex has several advantages. All procedures for triangular fibrocartilage complex repair could be done under arthroscopy in this technique. In addition, this technique allows for repair of deep layers of triangular fibrocartilage complex down to fovea of the ulnar head. This article describes arthroscopic repair of the Palmer type 1B triangular fibrocartilage complex tear using arthroscopic knotless technique.